Plant Life Through the Ages
Panel 1: Age of Stromatolites
Late Archaean Eon — 3,500-1,250 million years ago
Panel 2: Rhynie Chert Flora
Early Devonian Period — About 400 million years ago
Panel 3: Rise of a Land Flora
Early and Middle Devonian Period — 416–385 million years ago
Panel 4: First Forests
Late Devonian Period — 385-360 million years ago
Panel 5: Carboniferous Coal Swamp Forests
Late Carboniferous Period — 323-300 million years ago
Panel 6: Age of Gymnosperms
Triassic Period through early Early Cretaceous Period — 250–130 million years ago
Panel 7: Rise of the Flowering Plants
Late Early Cretaceous Period through Cretaceous Period —130–65 million years ago
Panel 8: Plants and Human Affairs
The Holocene Epoch — The last 11,500 years
Culture Clovis
Quelles sont les plus vieilles traces d’occupation humaine retrouvées au Québec?
Les plus vieilles traces d’activités humaines trouvées à ce jour dans la province s’apparentent à la culture Clovis et ont environ 12 000 ans.
Il est à noter que les restes humains datant de cette époque sont rarissimes. On tente donc de comprendre l’histoire des premiers occupants de l’Amérique indirectement à partir d’artéfacts. La culture Clovis correspond à une méthode de travail reconnaissable, une technique de taille de la pierre bien particulière partagée par certaines populations humaines il y a entre 13,000 et 12,600 ans. C’est une très brève période à l’échelle de notre histoire, un «snapshot» dans le temps avant que cette culture évolue et que les techniques pour travailler la pierre changent.
Est-ce que cela signifie que les premiers humains en Amérique/Québec appartenaient à la culture Clovis?
Pas nécessairement.
Toute la dernière moitié du 20e siècle, lorsque des signes d’occupation humaine prédatant la culture Clovis étaient découverts, ils étaient systématiquement discrédités. Il en allait de même pour les voix autochtones argumentant que leur présence en Amérique était plus ancienne que la culture Clovis, un comportement qualifié par certains de «violence académique».
Éventuellement, assez d’indices se sont accumulés pour ébranler le consensus voulant que le peuple Clovis ait été la première présence humaine en Amérique via le passage par le détroit de Béring. Notre compréhension des évènements demeure limitée, mais on soupçonne que des individus seraient parvenus en Amérique en longeant la côte ouest à bord d’embarcations primitives avant que le détroit de Béring ne permette le passage à pied. Malheureusement, la montée des eaux a probablement englouti bien des traces de cette exploration côtière.
Est-ce que les nations autochtones modernes sont des descendants du peuple Clovis?
Selon les analyses génétiques effectuées à partir de l’unique dépouille trouvée d’un individu associé à la culture Clovis (un bambin enterré avec des artéfacts Clovis au Montana, surnommé Anzick), de nombreuses nations autochtones modernes sont des descendants directs de la métapopulation à laquelle Anzick appartenait. Cette affirmation s’applique surtout aux nations du sud, tandis que les nations au nord partagent plutôt des ancêtres communs avec la population Clovis d’Anzick, sans en être des descendants directs. En d’autres mots, un groupe initial englobant potentiellement plusieurs cultures, dont la culture Clovis, s’est divisé en deux branches distinctes : nord et sud.
Dans la figure suivante, deux hypothèses concordantes avec les analyses génétiques illustrent comment les populations nord-américaines (NA) auraient divergé des sud-américaines (SA).
Un autre facteur à prendre en considération est le fait que plusieurs événements de migration vers les Amériques ont eu lieu, autant avant qu’après la propagation de la culture Clovis à travers le continent. Ces populations auraient pu se croiser, se mélanger, se diviser, se remélanger, etc. Bref, il s’agit d’un sujet complexe qui n’a pas fini de nous révéler tous ses mystères!
Geneviève Coudé, MSc en écologie
Aucune mention de Jésus dans 126 textes contemporains
Une autre étude s'avère incapable de vérifier l'existence du fondateur du christianisme:
Jesus never existed. That is the conclusion of a researcher who says he has combed 126 texts written during or shortly after the time Jesus is supposed to have lived — and found no mention of Jesus whatsoever.
(...) In a new article entitled “The Fable of the Christ,” Michael Paulkovich summarizes his findings, or lack of findings, which lead him to believe that Jesus never actually existed, but is instead a fictional character, made up to give followers of the religion founded in his name a central icon worthy of their worship.
Paulkovich says that only one of the 126 texts he combed through contains any mention of Jesus — and that, he says, is a forgery. That text is the first-century history book The Jewish Wars by the Roman historian Josephus Flavius, who wrote his work in the year 95 CE.
But, despite making his home just one mile from Jesus’s supposed hometown of Nazareth, Josephus appears totally unaware of the famous miracle worker who later went to Jerusalem where he became such a political threat that the Romans found it necessary to execute him by crucifixion.
The few mentions of Jesus in The Jewish Wars, Paulkovich argues, were added by later editors, not by Josephus himself.
Otherwise, says the author, despite the remarkable feats Jesus is alleged to have performed and the great deal of political unrest caused by his arrival in Jerusalem, not a single writer from the time and place of Jesus’s life finds that Jesus so much as rates a footnote.
“Emperor Titus, Cassius Dio, Maximus, Moeragenes, Lucian, Soterichus Oasites, Euphrates, Marcus Aurelius, or Damis of Hierapolis. It seems none of these writers from first to third century ever heard of Jesus, global miracles and alleged worldwide fame be damned,” Paulkovich said in a recent interview.
The Dead Sea Scrolls, also known as the Qumran texts, also contain no mention of Jesus. Even the Apostle Paul, the New Testament figure credited with spreading the new religion that came to be called “Christianity” shortly after the supposed death of Jesus, never says that Jesus was a a real person — even in the Bible itself.
“Paul is unaware of the virgin mother, and ignorant of Jesus’ nativity, parentage, life events, ministry, miracles, apostles, betrayal, trial and harrowing passion,” Paulkovich states. “Paul knows neither where nor when Jesus lived, and considers the crucifixion metaphorical.”
(...) The invention of a mythical figure for followers of the cult to rally around gave the early Christians the strength to survive, according to this theory. On the other hand, another recent advocate of the “Mythical Jesus” believes that Christ was invented by the Romans as propaganda to pacify the public.
“When I consider those 126 writers, all of whom should have heard of Jesus but did not — and Paul and Marcion and Athenagoras and Matthew with a tetralogy of opposing Christs, the silence from Qumran and Nazareth and Bethlehem, conflicting Bible stories, and so many other mysteries and omissions,” Paulkovich writes, “I must conclude that Christ is a mythical character.”
Jesus never existed. That is the conclusion of a researcher who says he has combed 126 texts written during or shortly after the time Jesus is supposed to have lived — and found no mention of Jesus whatsoever.
(...) In a new article entitled “The Fable of the Christ,” Michael Paulkovich summarizes his findings, or lack of findings, which lead him to believe that Jesus never actually existed, but is instead a fictional character, made up to give followers of the religion founded in his name a central icon worthy of their worship.
Paulkovich says that only one of the 126 texts he combed through contains any mention of Jesus — and that, he says, is a forgery. That text is the first-century history book The Jewish Wars by the Roman historian Josephus Flavius, who wrote his work in the year 95 CE.
But, despite making his home just one mile from Jesus’s supposed hometown of Nazareth, Josephus appears totally unaware of the famous miracle worker who later went to Jerusalem where he became such a political threat that the Romans found it necessary to execute him by crucifixion.
The few mentions of Jesus in The Jewish Wars, Paulkovich argues, were added by later editors, not by Josephus himself.
Otherwise, says the author, despite the remarkable feats Jesus is alleged to have performed and the great deal of political unrest caused by his arrival in Jerusalem, not a single writer from the time and place of Jesus’s life finds that Jesus so much as rates a footnote.
“Emperor Titus, Cassius Dio, Maximus, Moeragenes, Lucian, Soterichus Oasites, Euphrates, Marcus Aurelius, or Damis of Hierapolis. It seems none of these writers from first to third century ever heard of Jesus, global miracles and alleged worldwide fame be damned,” Paulkovich said in a recent interview.
The Dead Sea Scrolls, also known as the Qumran texts, also contain no mention of Jesus. Even the Apostle Paul, the New Testament figure credited with spreading the new religion that came to be called “Christianity” shortly after the supposed death of Jesus, never says that Jesus was a a real person — even in the Bible itself.
“Paul is unaware of the virgin mother, and ignorant of Jesus’ nativity, parentage, life events, ministry, miracles, apostles, betrayal, trial and harrowing passion,” Paulkovich states. “Paul knows neither where nor when Jesus lived, and considers the crucifixion metaphorical.”
(...) The invention of a mythical figure for followers of the cult to rally around gave the early Christians the strength to survive, according to this theory. On the other hand, another recent advocate of the “Mythical Jesus” believes that Christ was invented by the Romans as propaganda to pacify the public.
“When I consider those 126 writers, all of whom should have heard of Jesus but did not — and Paul and Marcion and Athenagoras and Matthew with a tetralogy of opposing Christs, the silence from Qumran and Nazareth and Bethlehem, conflicting Bible stories, and so many other mysteries and omissions,” Paulkovich writes, “I must conclude that Christ is a mythical character.”
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